The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 offers a simpler route than a civil suit for people who buy goods or avail services for personal use. Common examples include insurance, banking, medical, real estate and e-commerce disputes.
Which commission hears a complaint is decided by the value of the consideration paid, not by the compensation claimed. Complaints can be filed where the complainant lives or works.
What this covers
- Defective goods
- Deficient services
- Insurance claim repudiation
- Banking and financial services
- Medical services
- Builder and housing complaints
- E-commerce disputes
- Appeals and execution
Principal laws
| Law | Relevance |
|---|---|
| Consumer Protection Act, 2019 | Complaints (Section 35), place of filing (Section 34), limitation (Section 69). |
| Consumer Protection (Jurisdiction) Rules, 2021 | Sets the value limits of each commission. |
Where it is heard
District Commissions, the State Commissions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, and the National Commission. Complaints may be filed through the e-Jagriti portal.
Usual steps
- Collect proof of purchase and the complaint history
- Send a written demand
- Identify the correct commission
- File the complaint and pay the fee
- Reply, evidence and hearing, or mediation
- Order, execution or appeal
Documents that are often relevant
- Invoice, policy or agreement
- Payment proof
- Correspondence with the seller or provider
- Expert or inspection reports, if relevant
Please keep these safe, but do not send confidential documents until we have confirmed that we will act for you.
Time limits and key points
| Item | Position |
|---|---|
| Filing a complaint | 2 years from the cause of action, unless delay is condoned (Section 69) |
| District Commission | Consideration up to Rs. 50 lakh |
| State Commission | Above Rs. 50 lakh and up to Rs. 2 crore |
| National Commission | Above Rs. 2 crore |
Common questions
Am I a consumer if I bought something for my business?
A purchase for a commercial purpose is generally excluded, unless it is used only to earn a livelihood through self-employment.
Do I need an advocate?
No. A consumer may file and argue personally, although many choose legal help for complex claims.
This is general information, not legal advice. The law may have changed, and the answer may differ on your facts.